Strategies to make your backend fast, reliable, and scalable.
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CDN for static, Redis for hot data, HTTP cache headers for everything.
Index columns used in WHERE/JOIN/ORDER BY. Avoid over-indexing writes.
Use eager loading, joins, or DataLoader-style batching.
Don't open a connection per request. Tune pool sizes.
Avoid buffering huge payloads in memory.
Push to queues (BullMQ, SQS, Kafka) instead of doing it in-request.
Multiplexed streams reduce latency at the edge.
Latency, throughput, error rate, queue depth dashboards & alerts.
Measure with flamegraphs/APM before micro-optimizing.
Circuit breakers, timeouts, retries with backoff & jitter.